![]() Streams in the urban landscape provide significant social, economic, and ecological benefits, yet, they are often physically degraded. Hawley, in Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design, 2019 Abstract They concluded that urbanization does not affect the drivers of plant growth and structure in this system ( Davis et al., 2015). Protected desert open space supported distinct plant communities within and around the city but these assemblages were more strongly related to bottom-up resources than to consumer populations. Herbivory was found to reduce aboveground biomass by 33% regardless of proximity to the city. A study examining top-down versus bottom-up regulation of herbaceous production reported that precipitation was the main driver of production while soil nitrogen availability had little effect on growth ( Davis et al., 2015). C 3 winter annuals exhibited a larger ANPP response to higher CO 2 levels (> 420 ppm) than shrubs, which in the long term could lead changes in species composition ( Shen et al., 2008). At the plant functional type level, ANPP responded positively to elevated CO 2 and nitrogen deposition but negatively to increased air temperature. tridentata ecosystem decreased along the urban-suburban-wildland gradient. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and soil organic matter of the L. Water inputs and water availability are the most important factors affecting primary productivity and urbanization effects were much stronger in wet years than in normal or dry years ( Shen et al., 2008). ![]() Because urban environments are affected by heat islands, carbon dioxide domes, and high levels of nitrogen deposition, they affect most ecosystem properties and processes. Urbanization results in three groupings of species based on land use type (desert, urban, and agriculture) and two unique groupings of urban sites based on landscaping esthetics (mesic or xeric) ( Walker et al., 2009). A study of a desert native brittlebush, Encelia farinosa, reported that plants in the urban environment bloomed later and longer than those planted in desert remnant sites and desert fringe sites ( Neil et al., 2014). The urban landscape affects many aspects of plant growth and phenology. Duval, in Ecology of Desert Systems (Second Edition), 2020 15.2.5 Effects on Plants and Vegetation The urban landscape provides a public space for the cross-fertilization of minds and various disciplines, enabling a new perspective on man in nature, one that could place human well-being at the core, break the artificial and largely culturally biased divide between the pristine and the human-dominated ecosystems, and contribute to the creation of a new language, with signs, concepts, words, tools, and institutions that would gather rather than divide, broker conflicts rather than create them, and establish responsible environmental stewardship at the heart of public interest. In the New York Metropolitan region, sustainable management of the Catskills, the land around the upland water reservoirs supplying New York City with drinking water, has been chosen as an important complement to building water treatment plants. In New Orleans for example, it has been argued that population growth and urban economic growth is necessary for meeting the costs of building a viable defense against the grave environmental problems of massive coastal erosion. Just as it is now increasingly recognized that in protected nature reserves, conservation will not be successful as long as it is at the expense of human aspirations, urban planners increasingly acknowledge that functioning natural systems such as watersheds, mangroves, and wetlands are indispensable for reducing vulnerabilities to natural disasters and building long-term resilience. After decades of mutual neglect and artificial divide between nature on the one hand, and cities with their respective urban processes on the other hand, the conservation community has started to shift its perception to include cities as a component of natural landscapes. Studies of transformations in urban landscapes may therefore well provide the ground for a better understanding of socio-economic drivers of changes also in other ecosystems. ![]() Since cities are places where knowledge, human and financial resources are concentrated, rapid urban transformations can likely be more readily monitored and observed than similar processes in more rural areas. ![]() Urban landscapes are not only ecological experiments but also long-term experiments in social, economic, and cultural transformations shaped by cultures, property rights, and access rights. Colding, in Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition), 2008 Linking Humans and Nature in the Urban Landscape ![]()
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